How a Lithium-Ion Battery Overheats and Burns

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Would you like to know how a lithium-ion battery overheats and potentially catches fire? Well, it’s an accepted fact that something causes it to overheat, although we may not realise it at the time.

how a lithium-ion battery overheats
Original Illustration by UPS Battery Center

Why It Matters If a Lithium-Ion Battery Overheats 

Lithium-ion battery fires usually begin with internal overheating. This sharp temperature rise may be due to an internal short circuit, physical damage, manufacturing defects, overcharging, or excessive heat.  We should not ignore these warning signs.

This Situation Can Lead to More Than Overheating

It’s not only how a lithium-ion battery overheats that matters. This situation may trigger a process called ‘thermal runaway’. This is a self-sustaining chain reaction. One overheating battery cell releases heat, flammable gases, and energy that may overheat neighboring cells.

What Happens Inside a Hot Lithium-Ion Battery

If the chemistry uses a metal oxide cathode, then that material begins to decompose. It can release oxygen from its metal oxide structure, intensifying combustion within the cell.

There are several types of lithium-ion batteries. Their cathode materials behave differently during thermal runaway. Some release more oxygen than others. It may be difficult to identify the battery chemistry, especially during an emergency.

Thermal Runaway in Overheated Lithium-Ion Batteries

To recap, one of the cells inside the battery may enter thermal runaway. Its cathode electrode may start to disintegrate and release its oxygen from its oxide material. This intensifies combustion inside the battery, and accelerates thermal runaway to other cells.

Try To Avoid Getting Yourself Into This Situation

Lithium-ion battery fires are difficult to control because thermal runaway generates its own heat, oxygen and flammable gases. Prevention is better than cure. Physical damage, manufacturing defects, overcharging, or excessive heat may be the root cause. Try your best to avoid them all.

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About Author

Electricity has always intrigued me. I have been writing about batteries and energy storage for more than ten years, and have published over 4,000 articles on this website. During that time, I have researched developments across lead-acid, lithium-ion, sodium-ion, flow batteries, and emerging energy-storage technologies. My goal is to explain complex battery concepts in clear, practical language that anyone can understand. My writing career began unexpectedly after leaving the corporate world. What started as a search for a new direction gradually became a fascination with batteries, renewable energy, and the science that powers modern life. Writing may not have made me wealthy, but it has given me the opportunity to explore an industry that continues to evolve in remarkable ways.

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